Answers To GitHub Foundation’s Exam Questions.

Introduction:

This comprehensive guide delves into the world of GitHub, equipping you with the knowledge to excel in the GitHub Foundations exam. It explores core concepts like Git version control, GitHub repositories, branching, pull requests, and collaboration features. You’ll learn how to navigate the GitHub interface, create and manage repositories, collaborate effectively with others, and leverage advanced features like GitHub Actions and Codespaces to streamline your development workflow. Whether you’re a complete beginner or a seasoned developer looking to enhance your GitHub skills, this guide provides valuable insights and practical steps to master GitHub.

Domain 1: Introduction to Git and GitHub

Git and GitHub Basics

Describe Version Control

Version control is a system that tracks changes to a file or set of files over time so that specific versions can be recalled later. It allows multiple people to work on a project simultaneously, helps in tracking and managing changes, and maintains a history of modifications.

Define Distributed Version Control

Distributed version control systems (DVCS) keep track of changes to files and directories, storing a complete history of the project. Unlike centralized version control, DVCS like Git allow every user to have a full copy of the repository on their own machine, making it easier to work offline and providing better fault tolerance.

Describe Git

Git is a distributed version control system that helps in tracking changes in source code during software development. It allows multiple developers to work on a project simultaneously, manage versions of the project, and collaborate efficiently.

Describe GitHub

GitHub is a web-based platform that uses Git for version control. It provides a user-friendly interface to manage Git repositories, collaborate on projects, and integrate with other tools and services.

Explain the Difference Between Git and GitHub

Git is the underlying version control system used for tracking changes in source code. GitHub is a platform built on top of Git that offers additional features like project management, collaboration tools, and a web interface for managing repositories.

Describe a GitHub Repository

A GitHub repository is a storage space where a project’s files and the entire revision history are stored. It can be public or private, and it allows multiple collaborators to work on the project simultaneously.

Describe a Commit

A commit is a snapshot of the changes in a repository at a specific point in time. It contains a unique identifier, the changes made, and metadata like the author and timestamp. Commits help in tracking and managing changes to the project.

Describe Branching

Branching in Git is a way to create a separate line of development. It allows developers to work on new features, fixes, or experiments in isolation from the main codebase. Once the changes are tested and reviewed, branches can be merged back into the main branch.

Define a Remote in Git Terminology

A remote in Git is a reference to a version of the project hosted on a server or another repository. It allows users to collaborate by pushing and pulling changes between local and remote repositories.

Describe the GitHub Flow

The GitHub flow is a lightweight, branch-based workflow for managing projects. It involves creating a branch for a feature or fix, making commits, opening a pull request for review, and merging the changes into the main branch after approval.

GitHub Entities

Describe the Different GitHub Accounts (Personal, Organization, Enterprise)

• Personal Accounts: Individual accounts for users to manage their own repositories and contributions.
• Organization Accounts: Accounts for groups or teams, allowing better management of repositories, teams, and permissions.
• Enterprise Accounts: Advanced accounts for larger organizations that require additional features like enhanced security, compliance, and support.

Describe GitHub’s Products for Personal Accounts (Free, Pro)

• Free: Basic features like unlimited public and private repositories, issue tracking, and community support.
• Pro: Additional features like advanced code review tools, CI/CD, and access to GitHub Codespaces.

Describe GitHub’s Products for Organization Accounts (Free for Organizations, Teams)

• Free for Organizations: Basic collaboration tools and limited features.
• Teams: Enhanced collaboration and management tools, including advanced permissions, team discussions, and security features.

Describe the Different Deployment Options for GitHub Enterprise

GitHub Enterprise offers multiple deployment options, including:

• GitHub Enterprise Cloud: Hosted by GitHub, providing the latest features and updates.
• GitHub Enterprise Server: Self-hosted on the organization’s infrastructure, offering more control and customization.

Describe the Features in the User Profile

• Metadata: Basic information like name, bio, location, and email.
• Achievements: Badges and awards for contributions and activities.
• Profile README: A customizable README file displayed on the profile page.
• Repositories: A list of public and private repositories owned or contributed to by the user.
• Pinned Repositories: Selected repositories highlighted on the profile page.
• Stars: A list of repositories starred by the user.

GitHub Markdown

Identify the Text Formatting Toolbar on Issue and Pull Request Comments

The text formatting toolbar provides options for basic text formatting, including bold, italic, links, lists, and code blocks.

Describe Markdown

Markdown is a lightweight markup language that allows users to format text using plain text syntax. It is used extensively on GitHub for writing README files, comments, issues, and pull requests.

Identify the Basic Formatting Syntax

• Headings: # Heading 1, ## Heading 2
• Links: [link text](URL)
• Task Lists: – [ ] Task 1, – [x] Task 2
• Comments: <!– Comment –>

Explain Where to Find and Use Slash Commands

Slash commands are shortcuts used in comments and pull requests to perform actions like assigning issues, labeling, and requesting reviews. They can be found and used in the comment box by typing /.

Study Guide: GitHub Foundations

GitHub Desktop

Explain the Difference Between GitHub Desktop and github.com

GitHub Desktop is a graphical user interface application for managing Git repositories locally, while github.com is the web-based interface for managing repositories and collaborating online.

Describe the Available Features with GitHub Desktop

• Cloning repositories
• Committing changes
• Creating and managing branches
• Pulling and pushing changes
• Reviewing and merging pull requests

GitHub Mobile

Describe the Available Features with GitHub Mobile

• Viewing and commenting on issues and pull requests
• Managing notifications
• Reviewing and merging pull requests
• Browsing repositories

Explain How to Manage Notifications Through the GitHub Mobile App

Notifications can be managed through the app settings, allowing users to customize which notifications to receive and how to be alerted (e.g., push notifications, email).

Domain 2: Working with GitHub Repositories

Understanding GitHub Repositories

Describe the Components of a Good README and the Recommended Repository Files (LICENSE, CONTRIBUTING, CODEOWNERS)

• README:
  • Project Title and Description: A clear and concise title and description of what the project does.
  • Installation Instructions: Steps to install and set up the project.
  • Usage: How to use the project, including code examples.
  • Contributing Guidelines: How others can contribute to the project.
  • License Information: The type of license under which the project is distributed.
  • Credits and Acknowledgments: Recognizing contributors and inspirations.
• Recommended Repository Files:
  • LICENSE: Specifies the terms under which the project can be used, modified, and distributed.
  • CONTRIBUTING: Guidelines for contributing to the project, including code standards, pull request procedures, and issue reporting.
  • CODEOWNERS: Defines the individuals or teams responsible for code in specific files or directories, used for code review assignments.

Explain Basic Repository Navigation

Basic repository navigation on GitHub includes:

• Code Tab: View the repository’s code, folders, and files.
• Issues Tab: Track and manage bugs, tasks, and enhancements.
• Pull Requests Tab: View and manage pull requests for merging code changes.
• Actions Tab: Configure and monitor automated workflows.
• Projects Tab: Organize and manage project tasks.
• Wiki Tab: Create and maintain project documentation.
• Security Tab: View and manage security advisories and alerts.
• Insights Tab: Access repository analytics and metrics.
• Settings Tab: Configure repository settings and permissions.

Explain How to Create a New Repository

1. Navigate to GitHub.com: Log in to your GitHub account.
2. Click the “+” Button: Located in the top-right corner, then select “New repository.”
3. Fill in Repository Details:
   • Repository Name: Enter a unique name for your repository.
   • Description: Optionally add a brief description.
   • Visibility: Choose between public or private visibility.
   • Initialize Repository: Optionally add a README, .gitignore, and choose a license.
4. Click “Create Repository”: Finalize the creation of the new repository.

Describe Repository Templates

Repository templates are pre-configured repositories that users can use to create new repositories with the same structure, files, and settings. They are useful for setting up new projects with consistent configurations and initial files.

Describe the Different Features to Maintaining a Repository

• Branch Management: Creating, merging, and deleting branches.
• Issue Tracking: Using issues to report and track bugs, enhancements, and tasks.
• Pull Requests: Facilitating code reviews and merging changes.
• Automated Workflows: Using GitHub Actions for CI/CD and other automated tasks.
• Security: Managing vulnerabilities, setting security policies, and configuring Dependabot.
• Code Reviews: Requesting and providing feedback on code changes.
• Releases: Managing project versions and distributing release artifacts.

Describe How to Clone a Repository

1. Navigate to the Repository: Go to the GitHub page of the repository you want to clone.
2. Click the “Code” Button: Located above the file list.
3. Copy the Repository URL: Choose HTTPS, SSH, or GitHub CLI and copy the URL.
4. Open a Terminal or Command Prompt: On your local machine.
5. Run the Clone Command: git clone <repository URL>.
6. Navigate to the Cloned Repository: cd <repository-name>.

Describe How to Create a New Branch

1. Open the Repository in GitHub:
2. Click the Branch Dropdown: Located near the top-left corner.
3. Enter the New Branch Name: In the input field.
4. Click “Create Branch”: The new branch is created based on the current branch.

Or using Git:

1. Open Terminal or Command Prompt: In your repository directory.
2. Run the Command: git checkout -b <new-branch-name>.

Explain How to Add Files to a Repository

1. Navigate to the Repository:
2. Click the “Add File” Button: Located above the file list.
3. Choose “Upload Files” or “Create New File”:
   • Upload Files: Drag and drop or browse to select files.
   • Create New File: Enter the filename and add content directly in the editor.
4. Commit Changes: Add a commit message and click “Commit Changes.”

Or using Git:

1. Add Files to Staging Area: git add <file-paths>.
2. Commit the Changes: git commit -m “commit message”.
3. Push Changes to Repository: git push origin <branch-name>.

Identify How to View Repository Insights

• Navigate to the Repository:
• Click the “Insights” Tab: Located above the file list.
• Explore Insights Sections: View data like contributors, traffic, commits, code frequency, dependency graph, and security alerts.

Explain How to Save a Repository with Stars

• Navigate to the Repository:
• Click the “Star” Button: Located near the top-right corner of the repository page.
• View Starred Repositories: Go to your GitHub profile and click on the “Stars” tab to see the repositories you have starred.

Explain Feature Previews

Feature previews allow users to try out new and experimental GitHub features before they are officially released. Users can opt-in to feature previews through their account settings:

1. Navigate to GitHub Settings:
2. Click on “Feature Previews”: In the sidebar menu.
3. Toggle the Desired Previews On or Off: Enable or disable specific features to test new functionality.

Domain 3: Collaboration Features

Issues

Describe How to Link a PR to an Issue

To link a pull request (PR) to an issue:

1. Create a Pull Request:
   • Navigate to the “Pull requests” tab in your repository.
   • Click “New pull request.”
2. Reference the Issue in the PR Description:
   • In the pull request description, mention the issue by including keywords like “Closes #issue_number,” “Fixes #issue_number,” or “Resolves #issue_number.”
   • Example: “Fixes #42” will automatically link the PR to issue #42 and close it when the PR is merged.

Describe How to Create an Issue

To create an issue:

1. Navigate to the Repository:
   • Go to the “Issues” tab in your repository.
2. Click “New Issue”:
   • Located near the top-right corner.
3. Fill in the Issue Details:
   • Title: Enter a brief, descriptive title.
   • Description: Provide a detailed description, including steps to reproduce, expected behavior, and actual behavior.
   • Labels, Assignees, Projects: Optionally, set these fields to categorize and assign the issue.
4. Submit the Issue:
   • Click “Submit new issue.”

Describe the Difference Between an Issue, Discussion, and Pull Request

• Issue: Used to track tasks, enhancements, and bugs. Issues can be assigned to contributors, linked to pull requests, and tracked through various stages of completion.
• Discussion: A forum-like feature for open-ended conversations. Discussions are used for community engagement, brainstorming, and sharing ideas or general questions that may not be tied to specific code changes.
• Pull Request: A request to merge changes from one branch into another. Pull requests facilitate code reviews, automated testing, and collaboration on code changes before merging.

Explain How to Create a Branch from an Issue

To create a branch from an issue:

1. Navigate to the Issue:
   • Go to the specific issue page.
2. Click the “Create a Branch” Button:
   • Located on the right side of the issue page (only available if the repository uses GitHub’s suggested feature).
3. Choose a Branch Name:
   • The default name usually includes the issue number and title, but you can edit it.
4. Click “Create Branch”:
   • This creates a new branch based on the default branch and links it to the issue.

Or using Git:

1. Open Terminal or Command Prompt:
2. Create a Branch with a Relevant Name:
   • git checkout -b <branch-name> (e.g., git checkout -b issue-42-fix).

Identify How to Assign Issues

To assign issues:

1. Navigate to the Issue:
2. Click “Assignees” on the Right Sidebar:
3. Select Users to Assign:
   • Choose from the list of contributors to the repository.

Describe How to Search and Filter Issues

To search and filter issues:

1. Navigate to the Issues Tab:
2. Use the Search Bar:
   • Enter keywords, issue numbers, or user mentions to search for specific issues.
3. Apply Filters:
   • Use the filter options to narrow down issues by labels, assignees, projects, milestones, and more.

Describe How to Pin an Issue

To pin an issue:

1. Navigate to the Issue:
2. Click the “…” (More Options) Button:
   • Located at the top-right corner of the issue page.
3. Select “Pin Issue”:
   • The issue will now appear at the top of the issues list for better visibility.

Explain Basic Issue Management

Basic issue management involves:

• Creating and Editing Issues: Opening new issues and updating existing ones with new information or changes.
• Labeling Issues: Categorizing issues using labels to indicate type, priority, status, etc.
• Assigning Issues: Designating specific contributors to handle the issue.
• Commenting on Issues: Discussing and providing updates directly within the issue thread.
• Closing Issues: Marking issues as resolved when the associated work is completed.

Explain the Difference Between Issue Templates and Issue Forms

• Issue Templates: Predefined templates that provide a consistent structure for creating new issues. Templates help ensure that all necessary information is provided when an issue is reported.
• Issue Forms: Interactive forms that guide users through the process of providing specific information. Issue forms can include required fields, dropdowns, checkboxes, and more for a structured approach to issue reporting.

Explain How to Use Keywords in Issues

Keywords in issues are used to automate workflows and link issues to other GitHub entities. Common keywords include:

• Closing Issues: “Close,” “Closes,” “Closed,” “Fix,” “Fixes,” “Fixed,” “Resolve,” “Resolves,” “Resolved” followed by the issue number (e.g., “Fixes #42”).
• Linking PRs: Mentioning keywords in pull requests to automatically close issues when the PR is merged.
• Metadata Keywords: Using specific terms or tags within the issue body to add context or trigger specific actions in integrated tools and workflows.

These practices help streamline project management and ensure proper tracking and resolution of tasks and bugs.

Pull Requests

Describe a Pull Request

A pull request (PR) is a method of submitting contributions to a project. It allows developers to inform others about changes they’ve pushed to a branch in a repository on GitHub. Once a PR is created, collaborators can review the proposed changes, discuss potential modifications, and approve or request changes before merging the contributions into the main branch.

Explain How to Create a New Pull Request

To create a new pull request:

1. Navigate to the Repository:
   • Go to the “Pull requests” tab.
2. Click “New Pull Request”:
   • Located near the top-right corner.
3. Select the base and compare branches:
   • Base: The branch you want to merge changes into (e.g., main or master).
   • Compare: The branch containing the changes you want to merge.
4. Review Changes:
   • GitHub shows a comparison of changes between the branches.
5. Click “Create Pull Request”:
   • Add a title and description for the PR.
6. Submit the PR:
   • Click “Create pull request.”

Describe the Base and Compare Branches in a Pull Request

• Base Branch: The target branch into which changes will be merged (e.g., main).
• Compare Branch: The source branch from which changes are proposed.

Explain the Relationship of Commits on a Pull Request

Commits on a pull request represent individual changes made in the compare branch. Each commit is a snapshot of the repository at a specific point in time. When a PR is created, all commits from the compare branch that are not in the base branch are included. The relationship of commits helps track the history and progression of changes, making it easier to review and understand the modifications.

Describe Draft Pull Requests

Draft pull requests are PRs that are not yet ready for review. They allow developers to open a PR early in the development process to solicit feedback, without the expectation that the code is complete. Draft PRs have a “Draft” label and cannot be merged until they are marked as ready for review.

Describe the Purpose of the Pull Request Tabs (Conversation, Commits, Checks, Files Changed)

• Conversation: A discussion thread for the PR where contributors can comment, discuss changes, and provide feedback.
• Commits: A list of commits included in the PR, showing each commit’s details, including the commit message, author, and timestamp.
• Checks: The status of automated checks and CI/CD pipelines. It shows whether the changes pass tests and meet quality standards.
• Files Changed: A diff view showing the changes made to the files in the repository. Reviewers can see what code was added, modified, or deleted.

Identify How to Link Activity Within a Pull Request

To link activity within a pull request:

• Referencing Issues: Mention issues by using #issue_number in comments or the PR description to create a link.
• Referencing Commits: Mention specific commits by using the commit hash (e.g., abc123).
• Linking PRs: Use keywords like “Closes #issue_number” in the PR description to link and close an issue automatically.

Explain the Different Pull Request Statuses

• Open: The PR is open and awaiting review or further commits.
• Draft: The PR is in draft mode, indicating it is not ready for review.
• Merged: The PR has been successfully merged into the base branch.
• Closed: The PR has been closed without merging, either due to being superseded or rejected.

Recognize How to Comment on a Posted Link to a Line or Lines of Code from a File

To comment on specific lines of code:

1. Navigate to the “Files Changed” Tab:
2. Hover Over the Line Numbers:
   • Click the blue plus sign (+) that appears next to the line number.
3. Add Your Comment:
   • Enter your feedback in the text box that appears.
4. Submit the Comment:

Describe Code Review with a Codeowners File

A CODEOWNERS file designates specific individuals or teams responsible for reviewing code changes in certain parts of a repository. When a pull request is opened, the designated code owners are automatically requested for review, ensuring that knowledgeable contributors review relevant changes.

Explain the Different Options for Providing a Code Review on a Pull Request

• Comment: Provide feedback without approving or rejecting the changes.
• Approve: Approve the changes, indicating they are ready to be merged.
• Request Changes: Request specific changes before the PR can be merged.
• Suggested Changes: Directly suggest modifications to the code, which the PR author can apply with a single click.

Discussions

Describe the Difference Between Discussions and Issues

• Discussions: Used for open-ended conversations, brainstorming, and community engagement. Discussions can take various forms like Q&A, ideas, and general topics.
• Issues: Used for tracking specific tasks, bugs, and enhancements with a clear lifecycle and resolution process.

Explain the Options Available with Discussions (Announcements, Ideas, Polls, Q&A, Show and Tell)

• Announcements: Share important updates or news.
• Ideas: Brainstorm new features or improvements.
• Polls: Gather community input through voting.
• Q&A: Ask and answer questions.
• Show and Tell: Share projects, achievements, or progress.

Identify How to Mark a Comment as an Answer to a Discussion

To mark a comment as an answer:

1. Navigate to the Discussion:
2. Find the Relevant Comment:
3. Click the “Mark as Answer” Button:
   • Located near the comment.

Explain How to Convert a Discussion to an Issue

To convert a discussion to an issue:

1. Navigate to the Discussion:
2. Click the “…” (More Options) Button:
   • Located at the top-right corner of the discussion.
3. Select “Convert to Issue”:
   • Follow the prompts to complete the conversion.

Recognize How to Pin a Discussion

To pin a discussion:

1. Navigate to the Discussion:
2. Click the “…” (More Options) Button:
   • Located at the top-right corner of the discussion.
3. Select “Pin Discussion”:
   • The discussion will now appear at the top of the discussions list.

Notifications

Describe How to Manage Notification Subscriptions

To manage notification subscriptions:

1. Navigate to GitHub Settings:
2. Click on “Notifications”:
   • Located in the sidebar.
3. Adjust Notification Settings:
   • Configure how and when you receive notifications (e.g., email, web, mobile).

Explain How to Subscribe to Notification Threads

To subscribe to notification threads:

1. Navigate to the Issue, PR, or Discussion:
2. Click the “Subscribe” Button:
   • Located on the right sidebar.

Describe How to Find Threads Where You Are At-Mentioned

To find threads where you are mentioned:

1. Navigate to Your Notifications Page:
   • Click the bell icon in the top-right corner.
2. Use the Filters:
   • Select “Mentions” to view threads where you are at-mentioned.

Identify the Notification Filtering Options

Notification filtering options include:

• All Notifications: View all notifications.
• Participating: View notifications for threads you are participating in.
• Mentions: View notifications where you are mentioned.
• Custom Filters: Apply custom filters based on repositories, labels, or types of notifications.

Explain the Different Notification Configuration Options

Notification configuration options include:

• Email Notifications: Receive notifications via email.
• Web Notifications: Receive notifications through the GitHub web interface.
• Mobile Notifications: Receive notifications through the GitHub mobile app.
• Customizable Frequency: Set the frequency of notifications (immediate, daily, weekly).
• Mute Specific Threads: Mute notifications for specific threads.

Gists, Wikis, and GitHub Pages

Explain How to Create a GitHub Gist

To create a GitHub Gist:

1. Navigate to GitHub Gist:
   • Visit gist.github.com.
2. Create a New Gist:
   • Click “New gist.”
3. Enter the Content:
   • Add a description, filename, and content for your gist.
4. Set Visibility:
   • Choose between public or secret visibility.
5. Create the Gist:
   • Click “Create secret gist” or “Create public gist.”

Describe How to Fork and Clone a Gist

To fork a gist:

1. Navigate to the Gist:
   • Open the gist you want to fork.
2. Click the “Fork” Button:
   • Located at the top-right corner.

To clone a gist:

1. Navigate to the Gist:
2. Copy the Gist URL:
   • Click the “Clone via HTTPS” or “Clone via SSH” button.
3. Open a Terminal or Command Prompt:
4. Run the Clone Command:
   • git clone <gist URL>.

Explain GitHub Wiki Pages

GitHub Wiki pages are a feature of GitHub repositories that provide a space to create and maintain documentation. Wikis use Markdown for formatting and can be used to document projects, provide user guides, and more.

Describe How to Create, Edit, and Delete Wiki Pages

To create a wiki page:

1. Navigate to the Repository:
2. Click the “Wiki” Tab:
   • Located above the file list.
3. Click “New Page”:
   • Enter a title and content.
4. Save the Page:
   • Click “Save Page.”

To edit a wiki page:

1. Navigate to the Wiki Page:
2. Click “Edit”:
   • Make the desired changes.
3. Save the Changes:
   • Click “Save Page.”

To delete a wiki page:

1. Navigate to the Wiki Page:
2. Click “…” (More Options):
   • Select “Delete Page.”

Explain the Visibility of Wiki Pages

Wiki pages are accessible to anyone with access to the repository. For public repositories, wiki pages are publicly viewable. For private repositories, only collaborators can view and edit the wiki pages.

Describe GitHub Pages

GitHub Pages is a static site hosting service that takes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files directly from a repository on GitHub and publishes a website. It is often used for project documentation, personal websites, and blogs. Users can configure a custom domain, use Jekyll for static site generation, and host the site from the main branch or a designated gh-pages branch.

Domain 4: Modern Development

GitHub Actions

Describe GitHub Actions (Basic Understanding)

GitHub Actions is a powerful, flexible automation platform that enables developers to automate workflows directly from their GitHub repository. It uses YAML configuration files to define custom workflows, which can include continuous integration (CI), continuous deployment (CD), testing, and other automated tasks. Workflows are triggered by various events, such as pushing code, creating pull requests, or on a schedule.

Explain Where You Can Use GitHub Actions Within GitHub (General Event Types)

GitHub Actions can be used in response to various event types, including but not limited to:

• Push Events: Trigger workflows when code is pushed to a repository.
• Pull Request Events: Trigger workflows when pull requests are opened, synchronized, or closed.
• Scheduled Events: Trigger workflows on a defined schedule using cron syntax.
• Issue Events: Trigger workflows when issues are created, edited, or closed.
• Release Events: Trigger workflows when a release is published or updated.
• Manual Triggers: Trigger workflows manually through the GitHub Actions interface.

Explain Where You Can Find Existing GitHub Actions

Existing GitHub Actions can be found in the GitHub Marketplace, accessible at https://github.com/marketplace/actions. The marketplace offers a wide range of pre-built actions created by the GitHub community and verified publishers, which can be used in your workflows to automate common tasks.

GitHub Copilot

Describe GitHub Copilot

GitHub Copilot is an AI-powered code completion tool developed by GitHub and OpenAI. It assists developers by suggesting code snippets, functions, and entire code blocks in real-time as they write code. Copilot is integrated into popular code editors like Visual Studio Code, providing context-aware suggestions based on the surrounding code and comments.

Describe the Difference Between GitHub Copilot for Individuals and GitHub Copilot for Business

• GitHub Copilot for Individuals: Designed for personal use by individual developers, providing AI-powered code suggestions and completions to enhance personal productivity.
• GitHub Copilot for Business: Tailored for organizational use, offering additional administrative controls, team-based billing, and enhanced security features. It is intended to help teams improve collaboration and streamline development processes.

Explain How to Get Started Using GitHub Copilot

To get started using GitHub Copilot:

1. Install Visual Studio Code: Ensure you have Visual Studio Code installed on your machine.
2. Install the GitHub Copilot Extension:
   • Open Visual Studio Code.
   • Navigate to the Extensions view by clicking the Extensions icon in the Activity Bar or pressing Ctrl+Shift+X.
   • Search for “GitHub Copilot” and click “Install.”
3. Sign In to GitHub:
   • After installing the extension, you will be prompted to sign in to your GitHub account.
4. Start Coding:
   • Open a new or existing project in Visual Studio Code.
   • GitHub Copilot will start providing suggestions as you type.

GitHub Codespaces

Describe GitHub Codespaces

GitHub Codespaces is a cloud-based development environment that provides instant access to a fully configured and isolated development environment directly from a GitHub repository. It enables developers to start coding immediately without needing to set up a local environment, offering features like integrated development tools, debugging, and customization options.

Identify How to Start a GitHub Codespace

To start a GitHub codespace:

1. Navigate to the Repository:
2. Click the “Code” Button:
   • Located above the file list.
3. Select “Open with Codespaces”:
   • Choose “New codespace” to create a new codespace instance.

Describe the Codespace Lifecycle

The codespace lifecycle includes the following stages:

1. Creation: A new codespace is created from a repository, initializing the environment based on the repository’s configuration.
2. Development: The developer works within the codespace, coding, testing, and debugging as needed.
3. Suspension: Codespaces can be suspended to save resources when not in use.
4. Resumption: Suspended codespaces can be resumed, restoring the environment to its previous state.
5. Deletion: When a codespace is no longer needed, it can be deleted to free up resources.

Describe the Different Customizations You Can Personalize with GitHub Codespaces

GitHub Codespaces can be customized in various ways:

• Dev Container Configuration: Customize the environment using devcontainer.json to specify the container’s configuration, including extensions, tools, and settings.
• Dotfiles Repository: Use a personal dotfiles repository to apply custom configurations, such as shell settings, editor preferences, and other environment customizations.
• Workspace Settings: Adjust Visual Studio Code settings within the codespace to personalize the development experience.

Recognize How to Add and Configure Dev Containers

To add and configure dev containers:

1. Create a .devcontainer Folder in the Repository:
2. Add a devcontainer.json File:
   • Define the container configuration, including the base image, extensions, settings, and any necessary scripts.
3. Optional: Add Docker Configuration Files:
   • Include Dockerfiles or docker-compose files if needed for more advanced setups.
4. Commit and Push the Changes:
   • The next time a codespace is created, it will use the specified configuration.

Identify How to Share a Deep Link to a GitHub Codespace

To share a deep link to a GitHub codespace:

1. Open the Codespace:
   • Ensure the codespace is active.
2. Copy the URL from the Browser’s Address Bar:
   • The URL contains a unique identifier for the codespace.
3. Share the URL with Collaborators:
   • Collaborators with appropriate permissions can access the codespace via the shared link.

Explain How to Use the github.dev Editor

To use the github.dev editor:

1. Navigate to a GitHub Repository or File:
2. Press the Period Key (.):
   • This will open the repository or file in the github.dev web-based editor.
3. Edit and Save Changes:
   • The github.dev editor provides a lightweight, web-based editing experience similar to Visual Studio Code.

Explain the Differences Between the github.dev Editor and a GitHub Codespace

• github.dev Editor:
  • Web-based: Accessible directly from the browser without requiring a local setup or cloud resources.
  • Limited Features: Offers basic editing capabilities, ideal for quick changes and reviews.
  • No Environment Customization: Does not support container-based environments or advanced configuration options.
• GitHub Codespace:
  • Cloud-based: Provides a full-featured, cloud-based development environment with integrated tools and debugging capabilities.
  • Extensive Customization: Supports dev container configurations, personalized settings, and dotfiles.
  • Persistent State: Maintains the state across sessions, allowing developers to resume work seamlessly.

Domain 5: Project Management

Manage Your Work with GitHub Projects

Describe GitHub Projects

GitHub Projects is a project management tool integrated into GitHub that allows teams to plan, track, and manage their work. It provides a way to organize issues, pull requests, and notes into a visual workspace using Kanban-style boards, making it easier to manage development workflows and collaborate effectively.

Explain the Layout Options for Projects

GitHub Projects offers different layout options to help visualize and manage work:

• Board Layout: Uses a Kanban-style board with columns to represent different stages of work (e.g., To Do, In Progress, Done). Items can be moved between columns to reflect their status.
• Table Layout: Presents issues and pull requests in a table format, allowing for sorting, filtering, and inline editing of fields.

Describe the Configuration Options for Projects

Projects can be configured to fit specific workflows and preferences:

• Custom Columns: Add, remove, and rename columns to match your workflow stages.
• Automation: Set up automation rules to move items between columns based on specific triggers (e.g., when an issue is closed, move it to the “Done” column).
• Custom Fields: Add custom fields to track additional information on project items.
• Filtering and Sorting: Use filters to display items based on specific criteria, and sort items within columns.

Explain the Difference Between Projects and Projects Classic

• Projects: The newer version of GitHub Projects with enhanced features such as custom fields, automation, and advanced filtering.
• Projects Classic: The original version of GitHub Projects, which offers basic Kanban board functionality without the advanced features available in the new version.

Explain the Use of Labels

Labels are used to categorize and organize issues and pull requests by assigning color-coded tags. Labels help in filtering, sorting, and searching for specific items based on categories such as bug, enhancement, documentation, etc.

Explain the Use of Milestones

Milestones group issues and pull requests into a set of related work targeted for completion by a specific date. They help in tracking progress towards larger goals, providing a high-level overview of the project’s timeline and deliverables.

Describe How to Use and Create Template Repositories

Template repositories provide a starting point for new projects with predefined structure and files. To create a template repository:

1. Create or Navigate to a Repository:
2. Click “Settings”:
3. Select “Template Repository”:
   • Enable the repository as a template.
4. Create New Repositories from the Template:
   • Use the “Use this template” button to create new repositories with the same structure and files.

Explain How to Create, Edit, and Delete Saved Replies

Saved replies are predefined responses that can be quickly inserted into issue and pull request comments. To manage saved replies:

1. Navigate to Your GitHub Settings:
2. Click on “Saved Replies”:
3. Create New Reply:
   • Add a title and content for the saved reply.
4. Edit or Delete Saved Replies:
   • Modify or remove existing saved replies as needed.

Describe the Benefits of Using a Saved Reply

Saved replies save time by allowing repetitive responses to be inserted quickly, ensuring consistency and efficiency in communication.

Recognize How to Add Assignees to Issues and Pull Requests

To add assignees to issues and pull requests:

1. Navigate to the Issue or Pull Request:
2. Click “Assignees” in the Right Sidebar:
   • Select one or more team members from the list.

Explain How to Use Project Workflows

Project workflows automate processes within GitHub Projects, such as moving items between columns based on actions (e.g., when an issue is closed, it moves to the “Done” column). This helps streamline project management and ensures that items progress through the workflow stages efficiently.

Describe Project Insights

Project insights provide analytics and metrics to track progress, identify bottlenecks, and measure the effectiveness of the project management process. Insights can include information on the number of completed items, open issues, pull request statuses, and more.

Domain 6: Privacy, Security, and Administration

Authentication and Security

Explain How to Secure Your Account with 2FA

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your GitHub account. To enable 2FA:

1. Navigate to Your GitHub Settings:
2. Click on “Security”:
3. Enable Two-Factor Authentication:
   • Choose between using a mobile app (like Authy or Google Authenticator) or SMS for verification.
4. Follow the Prompts:
   • Set up 2FA by scanning the QR code or entering the verification code sent to your device.

Describe the Different Access Permissions

GitHub offers various access permissions to control who can view and modify repositories:

• Read: Allows viewing and cloning of the repository.
• Write: Allows pushing changes, creating branches, and opening pull requests.
• Maintain: Allows managing repository settings and users without administrative privileges.
• Admin: Full access to the repository, including settings and user management.

Explain EMUs (Enterprise Managed Users)

Enterprise Managed Users (EMUs) are a feature of GitHub Enterprise that allows organizations to manage their users’ accounts and access centrally. EMUs provide enhanced security, compliance, and administrative controls, ensuring that user accounts and permissions are consistent with organizational policies.

GitHub Administration

Explain How to Enable and Disable Features

To enable or disable repository features:

1. Navigate to the Repository Settings:
2. Select the “Options” Tab:
3. Modify Feature Settings:
   • Enable or disable features like issues, wikis, GitHub Pages, and more based on project needs.

Recognize Repository Permission Levels

Repository permission levels determine the access rights of users:

• Owner: Full administrative control over the repository.
• Maintainer: Manage repository settings and user access without full administrative control.
• Contributor: Push changes, create branches, and open pull requests.
• Viewer: View and clone the repository without making changes.

Identify the Options for Repository Visibility

Repository visibility options include:

• Public: Anyone can view and clone the repository.
• Private: Only invited collaborators can view and clone the repository.
• Internal (for GitHub Enterprise): Visible to members of the enterprise, but not the public.

Explain Repository Privacy Setting Options (Branch Protections, Codeowners, Required Reviewers)

• Branch Protections: Enforce rules on branches, such as requiring status checks, restricting who can push, and preventing force pushes.
• Codeowners: Specify individuals or teams responsible for specific parts of the codebase, automatically requesting their review for changes.
• Required Reviewers: Mandate that pull requests receive approval from designated reviewers before merging.

Describe the Main Features and Options in the Security Tab

The Security tab provides features and options to enhance repository security:

• Dependency Graph: Visualize dependencies and receive alerts for vulnerable dependencies.
• Security Advisories: Publish and manage security advisories for your repository.
• Code Scanning: Automatically scan code for security vulnerabilities and issues.
• Secret Scanning: Detect and prevent sensitive information from being committed to the repository.

Define Repository Insights

Repository insights provide analytics and metrics about the repository’s activity, such as commit history, contributor statistics, pull request statuses, and issue trends. These insights help maintainers understand project health and team performance.

Explain How to Manage Collaborators

To manage collaborators:

1. Navigate to the Repository Settings:
2. Select the “Manage Access” Tab:
3. Add or Remove Collaborators:
   • Invite new collaborators or remove existing ones.
   • Set their permission levels (read, write, maintain, admin).

Explain How to Manage Organization Settings

To manage organization settings:

1. Navigate to the Organization Settings:
   • Accessible from the organization’s profile page.
2. Configure Settings:
   • Manage members, teams, billing, security policies, and more.
   • Set organization-wide policies for repositories and members.

Describe Members, Teams, and Roles in a GitHub Organization

• Members: Individual users who belong to the organization.
• Teams: Groups of members within the organization that can be assigned to repositories with specific access permissions.
• Roles:
  • Owner: Full administrative control over the organization.
  • Member: Standard access to organization resources based on team assignments.

Domain 7: Benefits of the GitHub Community

Describe the Benefits of the Open Source Community

Describe Open Source

Open source refers to software projects where the source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. Open source promotes collaboration, transparency, and community-driven development, enabling individuals and organizations to contribute to and benefit from shared software.

Describe GitHub Sponsors

GitHub Sponsors is a program that allows users to financially support open source developers and maintainers. By becoming a sponsor, individuals and organizations can contribute funds to their favorite projects, helping developers sustain and grow their efforts in maintaining and enhancing open source software.

Describe How GitHub Advances Open Source Projects

GitHub advances open source projects by providing tools and features that facilitate collaboration, version control, and community engagement. Key features include:

• Repositories: Host and manage code with version control.
• Pull Requests: Enable collaborative development and code reviews.
• Issues: Track bugs, feature requests, and project discussions.
• Actions: Automate workflows and continuous integration.
• Security Features: Protect code with vulnerability scanning and security advisories.

Identify How to Follow People (Receive Notifications, Discover Projects in Their Community)

To follow people on GitHub:

1. Navigate to the User’s Profile:
2. Click “Follow”:
   • Found at the top of their profile page.

Following someone allows you to receive notifications about their public activity, including repository updates, starred projects, and contributions. This helps you discover new projects and stay informed about their work.

Explain How to Follow Organizations (Receive Notifications About Their Activity)

To follow an organization on GitHub:

1. Navigate to the Organization’s Profile:
2. Click “Follow”:
   • Found at the top of the organization’s profile page.

Following an organization allows you to receive notifications about their public activity, including repository updates, new projects, and organizational announcements.

Describe the GitHub Marketplace and Its Purpose

The GitHub Marketplace is a platform where developers can discover and purchase tools and services that integrate with GitHub. The Marketplace offers a variety of applications, including CI/CD tools, code quality analyzers, security scanners, and project management tools. It aims to enhance the development workflow by providing easy access to third-party integrations that complement GitHub’s native features.

Describe How to Apply the Benefits of Open Source

Applying the benefits of open source includes:

• Collaboration: Leverage community contributions to improve and expand your projects.
• Transparency: Promote trust and accountability by making your code and development process open.
• Learning: Gain insights and knowledge from reviewing and contributing to other open source projects.
• Innovation: Accelerate development through shared knowledge and reuse of existing open source components.
• Community Building: Engage with users and contributors to create a supportive and active community around your project.

Describe InnerSource

InnerSource is the practice of applying open source principles and methodologies within an organization. It involves using open source collaboration techniques, such as open code repositories, transparent development processes, and community-driven contributions, to improve internal software development and innovation.

Identify the Differences Between InnerSource and Open Source

• InnerSource:
  • Used within an organization.
  • Code and projects are accessible only to employees.
  • Aims to improve internal collaboration and innovation.
• Open Source:
  • Accessible to the public.
  • Code and projects are open for anyone to view, modify, and distribute.
  • Promotes global collaboration and community-driven development.

Describe Forking

Forking is the process of creating a personal copy of someone else’s repository on GitHub. It allows you to experiment with changes without affecting the original repository. Forks are often used to propose changes, contribute to open source projects, and build upon existing codebases.

Describe the Components of a Discoverable Repository

A discoverable repository includes:

• Descriptive README: Provides an overview, usage instructions, and contribution guidelines.
• LICENSE File: Specifies the legal terms under which the code can be used, modified, and distributed.
• CONTRIBUTING File: Outlines how to contribute to the project.
• CODEOWNERS File: Lists individuals or teams responsible for specific parts of the code.
• Issues and Pull Request Templates: Provide structured formats for submitting issues and pull requests.
• Tags and Topics: Use relevant keywords to categorize and improve searchability.
• Consistent and Clear Documentation: Ensures users and contributors can easily understand and navigate the project.

Describe When to Use Issue Templates

Issue templates are used to:

• Standardize Submissions: Ensure all necessary information is provided for reporting bugs, requesting features, or asking questions.
• Improve Efficiency: Save time by reducing back-and-forth communication to gather details.
• Enhance Organization: Categorize and prioritize issues more effectively.

Describe When to Use Pull Request Templates

Pull request templates are used to:

• Standardize Contributions: Ensure all necessary information is provided for code reviews and merging.
• Improve Code Quality: Include checklists and guidelines for contributors to follow.
• Facilitate Communication: Provide a structured format for describing changes, rationale, and potential impacts.

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